Pathological Portraits: The Clinicopathological Spectrum of Oral Mucosal Epithelial Lesions
Keywords:
Oral mucosal lesions, squamous cell carcinoma, tobacco use, early detection, histopathology, IndiaAbstract
Background: Oral mucosal lesions range from benign to malignant, with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) being the most common malignancy. OSCC is a major health issue in developing countries like India, where its incidence is notably high due to risk factors such as tobacco use and smoking. Early detection of potentially malignant lesions, including oral leukoplakia and erythroplakia, is crucial for improving outcomes.
Objective: To observe the spectrum of oral mucosal epithelial lesions at a tertiary care institute.
Methods: In one-year duration, 75 patients with clinically suspicious oral mucosal lesions were included. After obtaining informed consent, biopsies were performed. Clinical data, including demographic information and personal habits, were documented. Tissue samples were processed using Hematoxylin and Eosin staining and reported as benign non-specific inflammatory lesions, premalignant (squamous intraepithelial neoplasia or SIN), and malignant (squamous cell carcinoma or SCC). Data analysis focused on lesion distribution and clinical correlations.
Results: The study cohort was predominantly male (88%) with a mean age of 49.62 ± 12.58 years, most commonly in the 41–50-year age group (38.7%). A high prevalence of smoking (53.3%) and tobacco chewing (58.6%) was noted. The buccal mucosa was the most frequently affected site (81.3%). Clinically, non-healing ulcers were observed in 48% of cases. Histopathological findings revealed SCC in 68% of lesions (with moderately differentiated carcinoma being the most prevalent grade), benign non-specific inflammatory changes in 13.4%, and SIN in 18.6%, with SIN-I being the most common grade.
Conclusion: The study highlights a significant prevalence of potentially malignant and malignant oral lesions, especially among males and those with tobacco-related habits. The high rate of OSCC emphasizes the need for early detection and intervention. Enhancing public awareness and improving access to diagnostic services are essential for effective management. Routine clinical and histopathological assessments remain critical for accurate diagnosis and timely treatment.
Keywords: Oral mucosal lesions, squamous cell carcinoma, tobacco use, early detection, histopathology, India
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